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Report identifies some serious 'non-financial risks' for DeFi

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Report identifies 18 serious 'non-financial risks' for DeFi

Martin Young

 

Beyond the obvious financial risks, there are a number of technical risks DeFi users should be aware of.

 

A November report by data and research company BraveNewCoin has highlighted a number of serious ‘non-financial’ risks in decentralized finance. The financial risks involved with DeFi have been well documented, but the new report delves into more technical concerns associated with Ethereum-based smart contract finance protocols.

 

The report, penned by BNC analyst Xavier Meegan, begins with scalability risks which anyone dealing with DeFi in September this year will be familiar with. Network congestion resulting in high gas fees and failed transactions can cause DeFi protocols to malfunction or not work as intended.

 

During the height of the yield farming frenzy, average Ethereum transaction fees skyrocketed to record figures around $15. The report cited the Black Thursday event as an example;

“We saw this happen on Black Thursday in March 2020, when actors in MakerDAO (liquidators) could not access auctions to bid on collateral,resulting in collateral being sold for free.”

Numerous smart contract vulnerabilities were cited, including reentrancy risk which occurs when a contract sends ETH before updating its internal state. The $25 million dForce attack in April is an example of a reentrancy exploit.

 

Flash loans (where assets can be borrowed and repaid within the same transactions) can exploit this, with notable examples this year including bZx, Opyn, Harvest Finance, and more recently Pickle Finance.

 

Oracles also pose a risk as a smart contract may receive deceitful or innacurate input regarding off-chain values or asset prices due to the manipulation of information from the provider or a malicious actor.

 

Protocol design can pose a risk if it can be manipulated to benefit cyber-criminals. Composability is a good example of this whereby a DeFi protocol needs to rely on another protocol to function. The report noted that the "money Lego" concept of interconnectivity within the ecosystem opens it up to further risk;

“The current inter-connectedness of DeFi is extremely similar to how traditional finance was before the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) in 2007–08.”

There is also centralization risk associated with DeFi, if protocols are controlled by a central intermediary or governance is controlled by a few whales. Uniswap’s first governance vote was a good example of how a small number of players can attempt to control the outcome. Additionally, the bulk of stablecoins used in DeFi are centralized and controlled by corporations.

 

Reliance on Infura as a node infrastructure operator is also risky as the industry found out during the minor outage in mid-November. Infura provides cloud-based Ethereum clients so that users do not have to run their own nodes.

“An estimated 63% of the Ethereum community use Infura as their preferred method of interacting with the blockchain. What are the consequences if Infura does not function as expected one day?”

The report added that there were several other risks such as economic incentive risk, financial illiteracy risk, and regulatory risk. It concluded that there was also the risk of more risks being found making the entire ecosystem sound like one big financial nightmare!

source: https://cointelegraph.com/news/report-identifies-18-serious-non-financial-risks-for-defi

 

Investing on DeFi can be risky especially now that its hype may have gone down at this point, as some investors found out the hard way when DeFi tokens start plummeting last few weeks ago. And to add insult to injury, a recent report has been published that identifies a few more reasons why DeFi is indeed risky.

 

The link to that report is here. Take note - the report itself can be freakishly long.

 

Going back to the article by Cointelegraph, it briefly explained that there are half a dozen or so risks associated with DeFi's scalability, along with risks on other areas like: inputting false off-chain value data on oracles, design and composability risks stemming from poor planning and/or intentional scams, tokens being controlled by a centralized authority and/or a few whales, and over-reliance on Infura, which the report described as a risk due to it being provided by just a single entity - Ethereum's ConsenSys.

 

The large amount of risks that DeFi currently face is no joke. But if taken in a positive light, the report can serve as a helpful advice to the current and future serious DeFi projects. Addressing these issues may be a daunting task, but once resolved, DeFi will become more useful and secure.

 

Edited by kyoukage01
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This report must be read by all users who are investing on Decentralized Finance.Some concerns like Smart Contract Vulnerability seems really concerning in my opinion. At this time , companies are pushing their products in hurry as for competing and many dapps(Justswap particularly) aren't that much effective. I have seen mostly in Tron Blockchain. Which makes me doubtful that there may be the bugs in application too. But bug bounty Hunters are working, so there isn't that much to worry.

I didn't understand the precise Smart Contract Vulnerability in the report as my coding skilss aren't that much great. But as mentioned in earlier portion these are very less in number.

Scalability risks seems already solved in other blockchain than eth as other network aren't that much congested. However Eth2.0 will solve this.

And Talking about oracles risk, It's kinda not possible for wrong information to pas through nodes in my view as far I know. They checks many APIs before entering data and considering the plethora number of nodes. Until someone is coming with huge mindset to attack we won't see oracle error. However for newly launched oracles with small number of nodes its matter of concerns.

The risks are there but vulnerability in code seems is the one that really needs to be look in my opinion.

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NOTHING I SAY IS FINANCIAL ADVICE. YOU SHOULD USE YOUR MIND ,FOR YOUR MONEY,

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@Ridam Indeed, the points made in the report isn't something to be easily dismissed by traders and investors if they want to get the most out of their investments in DeFi.

 

The report itself may be long, but the author wrote it in a way that is pretty understandable. IMO, each point is worthy of more in-depth discussions, as the explanations given are not enough if you ask me.

 

If there is something an average crypto user can get out of all this, it is that sloppily made DeFi projects may be a sure sign of a scam. Better watch out.

 

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1 hour ago, kyoukage01 said:

@Ridam

 

If there is something an average crypto user can get out of all this, it is that sloppily made DeFi projects may be a sure sign of a scam. Better watch out.

 

It's long but it's worth reading. And for Average Crypto users, I also like to add we should double check holdings of token by whale. If there is chance that he/she may dump the token at peak then we must be aware about that already. We have seen that in sushi swap by the founder Chef. So taking note of that earlier is must in my opinion.

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NOTHING I SAY IS FINANCIAL ADVICE. YOU SHOULD USE YOUR MIND ,FOR YOUR MONEY,

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I think these is the more reason why individuals shouldn't venture into processes and concepts that they don't understand fully, personally I am still trying to get acquainted to the whole Defi concept. 

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As it is cleared at first that non financial risks should be explained then other than the non financial risks may be that it may loss it's reputation . It may be less useful. It may be less popular and defi tokens may be also become down.

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I think these are even more reasons why people shouldn’t take the initiative about processes and ideas that they don’t fully understand, personally I’m still trying to get acquainted with the whole defi concept.  By working here you can earn a lot of money in a short time.

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On 12/12/2020 at 11:32 AM, kyoukage01 said:

The large amount of risks that DeFi currently face is no joke. But if taken in a positive light, the report can serve as a helpful advice to the current and future serious DeFi projects. Addressing these issues may be a daunting task, but once resolved, DeFi will become more useful and secure.

In case of Ethereum blockchain-based DeFi platforms, scalability problem is becoming the most serious issue. Other undetectable bugs in the system can create another problem as the locked funds will at risk any time. I just checked that long report, the concerns that article attempted to uncover, are really meaningful here.

Fortunately, we have already seen solid platforms like Uniswap and Compound, newer platforms are gradually coming up with some sort of technical problems. The only one solution is to create the solid architecture of both DeFi platforms and blockchain. 

Edited by Whited35
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On 1/19/2021 at 7:54 PM, Whited35 said:

Fortunately, we have already created solid platforms like Uniswap and Compound, newer platforms are gradually coming up with some sort of technical problems. The only one solution is to create the solid architecture of both DeFi platforms and blockchain.

So for now, should we stick to already established DeFi platforms like Uniswap and take extra precaution on newer projects, just to be safe? Makes sense in case the newer DeFi projects turn out to be outright scams.

 

As for creating "the solid architecture", the DeFi platforms ought to improve their services and systems, as improvements will also boost crypto users' confidence in using DeFi itself. But things shouldn't be rushed either, as sloppy improvements can lead to bigger problems. So let's just wait and see if there will be news on such improvements for this year.

 

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3 hours ago, kyoukage01 said:

So for now, should we stick to already established DeFi platforms like Uniswap and take extra precaution on newer projects, just to be safe? Makes sense in case the newer DeFi projects turn out to be outright scams.

Open source platform Uniswap is seen safest one and I just wonder to think why investors are loving to choose newer platforms to lock their huge amounts, just a greed or there can be any sort of their psychology? Single security breach might be very costly. 

3 hours ago, kyoukage01 said:

But things shouldn't be rushed either, as sloppy improvements can lead to bigger problems. So let's just wait and see if there will be news on such improvements for this year.

Developers should be focused for making the strongest encryption and it is really a time-consuming process to develop the bug-free platforms. The problem is, some sort of bugs will be still there despite any sort of efforts from the developers. 

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I don't know about defi and i have not defi .but this information is really good and thanks for giving me this information. I decided that i can use this site .I like this plateforam and this is a good for many people. 

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On 1/22/2021 at 3:44 PM, Whited35 said:

Open source platform Uniswap is seen safest one and I just wonder to think why investors are loving to choose newer platforms to lock their huge amounts, just a greed or there can be any sort of their psychology? Single security breach might be very costly. 

This is what I think. If a new platform turns out to be a pyramid or a Ponzi, earlier investors get to have the advantage of being served first and getting more profits than later ones, assuming they can bail out their investments once they smell some smoke (scam accusations) on the platform. This same strategy can also be used on DeFi projects. So greed is not the only thing in play here, for those investors it is also a battle of wits; if they can get away with profits from the scam projects early on, then they win. If they can't withdraw their investments and earned nothing from the project, they lose.

 

On 1/22/2021 at 3:44 PM, Whited35 said:

Developers should be focused for making the strongest encryption and it is really a time-consuming process to develop the bug-free platforms. The problem is, some sort of bugs will be still there despite any sort of efforts from the developers. 

At least efforts are being done. It would have been worse if nothing is being done at all. DeFi platforms will suffer the same ridicule as the ICO craze if all these major issues in the report goes unresolved and someone decides to exploit the weaknesses in the platforms.

 

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On 1/26/2021 at 9:17 AM, kyoukage01 said:

At least efforts are being done. It would have been worse if nothing is being done at all. DeFi platforms will suffer the same ridicule as the ICO craze if all these major issues in the report goes unresolved and someone decides to exploit the weaknesses in the platforms.

Self executing smart contracts from the blockchain network have opened the another horizon for DeFi but I think encryption alone is not ensuring the top rated security to protect user's assets or the locked amounts. Hackers should be entertaining to hack the new DeFi platform after noticing the wormholes but older DeFi platforms are also at the risk i.e. if a hacker manage to hack a protocol, massive numbers of participating nodes will be about to suffer. You might love to check this report again https://cointelegraph.com/news/the-code-is-key-solutions-for-overcoming-defi-security-breaches

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12 hours ago, Whited35 said:

The threat of hackers in the digital world is ever present, and crypto projects ought to be more aware of that threat.

 

I've read the link, thanks. Among the four steps mentioned in the article, I find the last one to be worth mentioning at the moment. It says that a bug bounty program should be offered so that potential vulnerabilities can be reported. But what about the rewards? If it is just a paltry sum of money, hackers will just scoff at the offer and exploit any bugs they can find for bigger profit anyway. Richer companies might be able to afford a bigger bounty, but that would mean smaller companies can't. I guess that would mean we should also look at the companies themselves on whether or not they are fully committed to their DeFi projects enough to dedicate much time and money on it.

 

... ... ...

 

Here's another article from Cointelegraph. It's a bit old, but you might find it interesting if you haven't read it yet.

https://cointelegraph.com/news/the-defi-hack-what-decentralized-finance-should-and-shouldnt-be

 

Edited by kyoukage01
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On 1/29/2021 at 8:16 AM, kyoukage01 said:

Here's another article from Cointelegraph. It's a bit old, but you might find it interesting if you haven't read it yet.

https://cointelegraph.com/news/the-defi-hack-what-decentralized-finance-should-and-shouldnt-be

Thanks, I did not check this cool article before but I was familiar with  dForce and MakerDao which are mentioned in the article. Clearly, safe guarding the users' assets is the most challenging part. Harvest attack is another dangerous threat to the DeFi sector in which attackers manage to detect fault through arbitration function.  Despite the several attempts from the Devs,  smart contract vulnerability like mentioned above is looking the serious one and some solutions are being proposed. 


 

 

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At that moment, analyst and co-founder of venture company CMCC Crest, Willy Woo, warned that if the price of bitcoin fell below the short-term holders' support level at $58,900, the market might enter a bear phase. However, this did not occur, and the price returned to around $62,000.   Analysts at CryptoQuant believe that the recent crash was necessary to reset unrealized trader profits to zero—a typical signal of a bottom in bull markets. Willy Woo suggested that "current bearish sentiments are actually a bullish sign," and that the next level where major short liquidations would occur is between $71,000 and $75,000. Renowned trader RektCapital reassured investors, stating that a price drop before the halving is a normal trend. "There is no need to panic, as this drop has occurred in all cycles. Don’t think that it’s different this time," he emphasized.   There were, however, other theories about the recent price drop. According to one, the fall in bitcoin was helped by the escalation of conflict in the Middle East and an attack by Iran on Israel. CEO of Galaxy Digital, Mike Novogratz, speculated that bitcoin could reach a new all-time high if the conflict in that region subsided. In this context, he urged world leaders to take control of the situation to prevent a further decline in prices for all financial assets, including cryptocurrency.   In contrast, Michael Saylor, president of MicroStrategy, believes that geopolitical tension will actually benefit bitcoin, suggesting that "chaos is good for bitcoin." Logically, this makes sense: cryptocurrency was born in response to the economic crisis of 2008, making it an alternative means of capital preservation during upheavals. (Note that MicroStrategy, with 205,000 BTC on its balance sheet, is the largest public holder of bitcoin and naturally interested in its price increase.)   OpenAI's ChatGPT did not overlook the international situation either. This Artificial Intelligence believes that if the crisis between Israel and Iran intensifies, the price of the main cryptocurrency will only slightly decrease, and this will be a short-term reaction. More severe impacts would likely be on assets like stocks. Bitcoin, however, is expected to quickly recover its position. ChatGPT, like Michael Saylor, anticipates that an initial drop will be followed by a bullish rally as investors look for a safe haven, potentially driving "digital gold" to a new historical high of $75,000. If the escalation in the Middle East becomes protracted and leads to a series of smaller conflicts, ChatGPT predicts the volatility range for bitcoin could expand: with an initial fall to $55,000 followed by a surge to $80,000.   It is worth noting that the discussed drop in BTC/USD occurred against the backdrop of a noticeable strengthening of the American currency. This was not only due to the dollar's role as a safe-haven asset amid geopolitical tension but also because of a postponement in market expectations regarding the timing of the Fed's easing of monetary policy. After the inflation data published on April 10, market participants decided that the first rate cut would not happen in June but in September, causing the Dollar Index (DXY) to surge sharply. Naturally, the strengthening of one asset in a currency pair led to the weakening of the other: the principle of leverage is irrefutable.   Now, a few words about what awaits the main cryptocurrency after the halving. This year, 75% of the investment influx has been provided by the newly launched spot bitcoin ETFs in the U.S. Their combined balance now totals $12.5 billion, with the U.S. accounting for over 95% of the global inflow into exchange-traded crypto funds. The interest in ETFs has been so strong that BlackRock's fund became the fastest-growing in history.   According to CryptoQuant analysts, the reserves of bitcoin on exchanges will last only a few months at the current rates. Total available exchange reserves have decreased by more than 800,000 BTC and have reached their lowest level in the history of two-year observations. As of April 16, they stand at about 2 million BTC. Assuming a daily influx into spot BTC-ETFs of about $500 million, which at current prices equates to approximately 8,025 coins, it would take just nine months to completely deplete these reserves.   The results of calculations using the Stock-to-Flow (S2F) model, which demonstrates the relationship between an asset's usage and its reserves, show that after the halving, the bitcoin S2F coefficient will reach 112 points. This is nearly twice the S2F for gold (60 points), indicating that by January 2025, bitcoin will become a more scarce commodity than the most popular precious metal.   In such a scenario, another powerful new driver could emerge. Following the U.S., similar investment inflows into cryptocurrency could be provided by spot ETFs in China. According to insider information from Bloomberg, the SEC of Hong Kong could make a positive decision on launching such funds within the next few days. And perhaps the predictions by ARK Invest's CEO, Cathy Wood, and author Robert Kiyosaki, who expect the price of bitcoin to reach $2.3 million per coin by 2030, are not so far from the truth.   As of the evening of Friday, April 19, BTC/USD is trading around $64,150. The total market capitalization of the crypto market stands at $2.32 trillion, down from $2.44 trillion a week ago. The Crypto Fear & Greed Index has dropped from 79 to 66 points, moving from the Extreme Greed zone to the Greed zone.   Finally, a bit of intriguing information for collectors. As it has been revealed, miners have begun active preparations for the "hunt" for the first "epic" satoshi to be mined after the current halving. Whoever mines it might receive a substantial sum, as the estimated value of this "collectible" digital coin could be several tens of millions of dollars. About two years ago, Casey Rodarmor, creator of the Ordinals protocol on the blockchain of the first cryptocurrency, developed a system for classifying the rarity of individual sats. With the launch of "inscriptions," it became possible to number and sell fractions of bitcoin similar to non-fungible tokens (NFTs).   Rodarmor's scale varies from the first "unusual" satoshi in each block to the "mythical" – the very first in the history of the blockchain. One of the highest degrees of rarity is the "epic" sat, mined in the first block after each halving. It is possible that collectors might value such an asset even at $50 million. (Remember that a satoshi is one hundred millionth of a bitcoin (0.00000001), and at the current BTC price, the price of a regular, non-collectible sat is just $0.00064). NordFX Analytical Group   Notice: These materials are not investment recommendations or guidelines for working in financial markets and are intended for informational purposes only. Trading in financial markets is risky and can result in a complete loss of deposited funds.   #eurusd #gbpusd #usdjpy #btcusd #ethusd #ltcusd #xrpusd #forex #forex_example #signals #cryptocurrencies #bitcoin #stock_market   https://nordfx.com/ 
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    • Наступило еще одно сокращение награды биткойнов вдвое, четвертое на данный момент, и оно не было похоже ни на одно другое до него, причем институциональные инвестиции впервые сыграли ключевую роль. Уполовинивание биткойнов исторически было связано с одним существенным сходством — последующим скачком цены BTC , который часто происходит через некоторое время после халвинга. Хотя сообществу еще предстоит выяснить, пойдет ли четвертое халвинг по тому же пути, кое-что уже изменилось в халвинге Биткойна в 2024 году. База пользователей криптовалют выросла как минимум на 400% с момента сокращения вдвое в 2020 году Хотя скорость генерации новых биткойнов снизилась со времени первого халвинга, спрос не остался на месте. По данным различных источников , с момента предыдущего сокращения биткойнов вдвое, которое произошло в мае 2020 года , глобальная база пользователей криптовалюты увеличилась как минимум на 400 миллионов пользователей. По оценкам Кембриджского центра альтернативных финансов (CCAF), в 2020 году число владельцев криптовалют во всем мире составило около 100 миллионов пользователей . По оценкам криптобиржи Crypto.com, к концу 2023 года число пользователей криптовалюты в мире выросло до 580 миллионов человек . Глобальные пользователи криптовалюты с января 2023 г. по декабрь 2023 г. Источник. Крипто.com Несмотря на то, что Биткойн является крупнейшей в мире криптовалютой по рыночной капитализации и самой старой, у него, очевидно, меньше пользователей, чем у всей криптоэкосистемы. По данным Technopedia, по состоянию на 2024 год около 2,7% мирового населения будут владеть биткойнами, что составляет около 219 миллионов  человек. Если верить данным, то, согласно расчетам Crypto.com, эта цифра выросла примерно на 208% по сравнению с 71 миллионом пользователей Биткойна четыре года назад. В случае с Биткойном или большинством других криптовалют оценка большинства пользователей не может быть на 100% точной, поскольку анализ транзакций в блокчейне часто неспособен отличить долгосрочных держателей от потерянных BTC, а также других факторов. Ралли биткойнов перед сокращением вдвое в 2024 году еще не наблюдалось Одно из самых больших различий между четвертым сокращением биткойна и тремя предыдущими  заключается в том, что перед сокращением в 2024 году цена продемонстрировала необычайный рост. В предыдущих циклах цена Биткойна регистрировала снижения перед халвингом, а новые исторические максимумы были достигнуты примерно через год после даты сокращения награды ха блок. Например, биткойн не поднялся выше ранее установленного ATH в 20 000 долларов до халвинга в 2020 году. В этом цикле цена Биткойна превысила ATH только через 10 месяцев после сокращения вдвое. На этот раз картина совсем иная. В текущем цикле Биткойн достиг рекордного максимума прямо перед событием халвинга, установив рекорд в 73 600 долларов 13 марта 2024 года. Такого прорыва никогда раньше не наблюдалось, и с этим согласны многие аналитики, в том числе криптоаналитик eToro Саймон Питерс. На этот раз майнеры «лучше подготовлены» к халвингу Невиданное ранее повышение цен на биткойны перед сокращением вдвое потенциально оказало положительное влияние на майеинговую отрасль, поскольку майнеры получили больший контроль над затратами на добычу биткойна. «По сравнению с предыдущим сокращением вдвое, похоже, что майнеры в целом находятся в лучшей форме с точки зрения более низкого уровня долга и потенциально лучшего контроля над своими расходами, такими как электричество», — сказал директор по исследованиям Fidelity Digital Assets Крис Койпер, добавив: «Что также помогает майнерам в этом цикле, так это повышение цен перед  сокращением вдвое — то, чего также не наблюдалось в предыдущих циклах». С момента третьего сокращения вдвое в мае 2020 года потребление энергии при майнинге биткойнов значительно возросло, увеличившись примерно с 50 тераватт-часов (Twh) до 99 Twh 18 апреля 2024 года. Энергопотребление биткойнов. Источник: Дигикономист В то же время объем потребления энергии в сети Биткойн, основанной на возобновляемых источниках энергии, также увеличился: по данным Bitcoin ESG Forecast, на долю возобновляемых источников энергии приходилось 54,5% потребления майнинга BTC по состоянию на январь 2024 года. По данным CCAF, по состоянию на сентябрь 2020 года этот показатель составлял 39%. Первое сокращение биткойнов вдвое с помощью спотовых BTC ETF в США Одна из самых простых особенностей сокращения биткойнов в два раза в 2024  году заключается в том, что это сокращение вдвое станет первым в истории, когда биржевые фонды BTC (ETF) включены в Соединенные Штаты. После многих лет усилий спотовые биткойн-ETF дебютировали в январе 2024 года, открыв доступ к биткойнам для институциональных инвесторов.   По словам аналитика Bloomberg ETF Эрика Балчунаса, спотовые биткойн-ETF добились «ошеломляющего успеха», что, очевидно, отражает всплеск спроса на биткойн.
    • 20.04.2024 Тарифы Kingex 👑   Покупка криптовалюты / Buying cryptocurrency:   BTC/ETH  +1.7% (Мы доплачиваем) USDT  +1.7% (Мы доплачиваем)   ^^SALE^^ от 50k    + 1.9%    Продажа криптовалюты / Selling cryptocurrency:   BTC/ETH  - по запросу USDT   - по запросу   Оператор: @Kingex Сайт: Kingex.io Курс на протяжении дня может меняться! ------------------------ Будьте ОСТОРОЖНЫ, появились фейки! Наш телеграм: @Kingex
    • точно не зна, насчет 1го, но во втором стандартные долбанутые а ля erc20 комиссии   кстати, с наступившим !   можно халвы купить в 5ерочке отпраздновать   и тончик снова припал
    • Представители Федерального бюро расследований предупреждают общественность о распространении программы-вымогателя Akira. Согласно заявлению ФБР , программа-вымогатель Akira Bitcoin ( BTC ) нанесла многомиллионные убытки различным компаниям и организациям в Северной Америке, Европе и Австралии. Вредоносное ПО получает доступ к инфраструктуре предприятия через VPN, получая доступ к программному обеспечению без многофакторной аутентификации. Затем Акира крадет конфиденциальные данные и важную информацию, блокируя доступ к системе. Далее на экране отображается сообщение с требованием выкупа. Хакеры используют биткойн в качестве способа оплаты.   В результате распространения программы-вымогателя неизвестные мошенники завладели более чем $42 млн, затронув более 250 компаний. Первоначально хакеры атаковали компьютерные системы на базе Windows, но позже следователи выявили и Linux-версию Akira. ФБР совместно с Агентством кибербезопасности и безопасности инфраструктуры (CISA), Европейским центром по киберпреступности Европола (EC3) и Национальным центром кибербезопасности Нидерландов (NCSC-NL) выпустило специальное предупреждение. Ранее ФБР опубликовало отчет о мошенничестве с инвестициями в криптовалюту. По данным агентства, в 2023 году этот показатель увеличился на 53% до $3,94 млрд. Как пояснили в ФБР, большая часть афер была связана с обещанием высоких прибылей от инвестиций в цифровые активы и составляет 86% всех потерь от инвестиционного мошенничества. В Соединенных Штатах.
    • Как и другие L2-решения, конкуренты (солана) и сам эфир. У меня возникла мысль, не перелезть ли с матика в оптимизм, арбитрум или еще что. Как раз пока дно. Но че-то лень. А другие более значительные перед халвингом были? Уж какие случились. Я пересказы видел и не потянуло слушать целиком.
    • Здравствуйте, уважаемые пользователи!   Хотим Вас уведомить, что на сайт добавили следующие направления обмена: Solana SOL > USDT TRC20 USDT TRC20 > Solana SOL
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